石膏作為建筑、醫(yī)療、藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域廣泛應(yīng)用的膠凝材料，其成型過程深受溫度影響。從水化反應(yīng)動(dòng)力學(xué)到晶體結(jié)構(gòu)演化，溫度通過多尺度作用機(jī)制調(diào)控石膏的凝結(jié)時(shí)間、強(qiáng)度發(fā)展與微觀形貌。本文將結(jié)合實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)與工程實(shí)踐，系統(tǒng)解析溫度對(duì)石膏成型的關(guān)鍵影響。

　　Gypsum, as a widely used cementitious material in the fields of architecture, medicine, and art, is greatly affected by temperature during its molding process. From hydration reaction kinetics to crystal structure evolution, temperature regulates the setting time, strength development, and microstructure of gypsum through multi-scale mechanisms. This article will combine experimental data with engineering practice to systematically analyze the key impact of temperature on gypsum molding.

　　一、水化反應(yīng)速率與凝結(jié)時(shí)間

　　1、 Hydration reaction rate and coagulation time

　　石膏的水化反應(yīng)本質(zhì)是半水石膏（CaSO?·0.5H?O）與水結(jié)合生成二水石膏（CaSO?·2H?O）的結(jié)晶過程。溫度對(duì)此過程具有雙重調(diào)控效應(yīng)：

　　The hydration reaction of gypsum is essentially a crystallization process in which hemihydrate gypsum (CaSO?·0.5H?O) combines with water to form dihydrate gypsum (CaSO?·2H?O). Temperature has a dual regulatory effect on this process:

　　反應(yīng)速率：在10-30℃范圍內(nèi)，溫度每升高10℃，初凝時(shí)間縮短30%-50%。當(dāng)溫度升至50℃時(shí)，水化反應(yīng)速率達(dá)到峰值，但超過此臨界值后，漿體表面快速失水形成致密硬殼，反而阻礙內(nèi)部水化進(jìn)程。

　　Reaction rate: Within the range of 10-30 ℃, for every 10 ℃ increase in temperature, the initial setting time is shortened by 30% -50%. When the temperature rises to 50 ℃, the hydration reaction rate reaches its peak, but beyond this critical value, the surface of the slurry rapidly loses water and forms a dense hard shell, which hinders the internal hydration process.

　　凝結(jié)異常：低溫環(huán)境（<5℃）會(huì)顯著抑制水化反應(yīng)，若漿體在凝固前凍結(jié)，冰晶膨脹將破壞石膏晶體結(jié)構(gòu)，造成不可逆強(qiáng)度損失。某建材實(shí)驗(yàn)室的凍融試驗(yàn)顯示，經(jīng)-5℃凍結(jié)的石膏試塊抗壓強(qiáng)度下降42%。

　　Condensation abnormality: Low temperature environment (<5 ℃) will significantly inhibit hydration reaction. If the slurry freezes before solidification, the expansion of ice crystals will damage the gypsum crystal structure and cause irreversible strength loss. The freeze-thaw test in a certain building materials laboratory showed that the compressive strength of gypsum test blocks frozen at -5 ℃ decreased by 42%.

　　二、強(qiáng)度發(fā)展的溫度依賴性

　　2、 Temperature dependence of intensity development

　　硬化石膏的強(qiáng)度取決于二水石膏晶體的生長(zhǎng)與堆積密度，溫度通過影響過飽和度與結(jié)晶應(yīng)力調(diào)控強(qiáng)度演化：

　　The strength of hardened gypsum depends on the growth and bulk density of dihydrate gypsum crystals, and temperature regulates the strength evolution by affecting supersaturation and crystallization stress

　　過飽和度效應(yīng)：在20℃條件下，漿體過飽和度為3.44，形成密集的晶核網(wǎng)絡(luò)；而60℃時(shí)過飽和度降至2.50，晶核數(shù)量減少但晶體尺寸增大。某高校的材料試驗(yàn)表明，60℃硬化試件的早期強(qiáng)度較20℃提高18%，但最終強(qiáng)度因結(jié)晶應(yīng)力差異呈現(xiàn)非線性變化。

　　Supersaturation effect: At 20 ℃, the supersaturation of the slurry is 3.44, forming a dense network of crystal nuclei; At 60 ℃, the supersaturation decreases to 2.50, and the number of crystal nuclei decreases but the crystal size increases. A material test conducted by a certain university showed that the early strength of specimens hardened at 60 ℃ increased by 18% compared to those hardened at 20 ℃, but the final strength exhibited nonlinear changes due to differences in crystalline stress.

　　臨界溫度點(diǎn)：當(dāng)硬化溫度超過70℃時(shí)，二水石膏晶體開始脫水轉(zhuǎn)化為可溶性無水石膏（Ⅲ-CaSO?），導(dǎo)致結(jié)構(gòu)疏松。某核電項(xiàng)目的檢測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，經(jīng)80℃熱處理的石膏構(gòu)件抗壓強(qiáng)度下降27%。

　　Critical temperature point: When the hardening temperature exceeds 70 ℃, dihydrate gypsum crystals begin to dehydrate and transform into soluble anhydrous gypsum (Ⅲ-CaSO? ）Resulting in a loose structure. The testing data of a certain nuclear power project shows that the compressive strength of gypsum components treated at 80 ℃ decreased by 27%.

　　三、微觀結(jié)構(gòu)演變規(guī)律

　　3、 The evolution law of microstructure

　　溫度通過影響原子擴(kuò)散速率與晶體生長(zhǎng)習(xí)性，塑造石膏的微觀形貌：

　　Temperature shapes the microstructure of gypsum by affecting the atomic diffusion rate and crystal growth habits

　　低溫結(jié)晶：在5℃環(huán)境下，石膏粒子擴(kuò)散速率降低，形成規(guī)整的板狀晶體，結(jié)晶度高達(dá)85%。這種致密結(jié)構(gòu)使建筑石膏的抗折強(qiáng)度提升。

　　Low temperature crystallization: At 5 ℃, the diffusion rate of gypsum particles decreases, forming regular plate-like crystals with a crystallinity of up to 85%. This dense structure enhances the flexural strength of building gypsum.

　　高溫結(jié)晶：當(dāng)溫度升至40℃時(shí)，晶體生長(zhǎng)速度加快，但取向隨機(jī)，形成花瓣?duì)罹奂w。某文保單位的研究顯示，古代石膏文物在高溫環(huán)境下形成的雜化結(jié)構(gòu)，其孔隙率較現(xiàn)代制品高。

　　High temperature crystallization: When the temperature rises to 40 ℃, the crystal growth rate accelerates, but the orientation is random, forming petal shaped aggregates. A study by a cultural heritage site shows that the hybrid structure formed by ancient gypsum artifacts in high-temperature environments has a higher porosity than modern products.

　　四、工藝控制與質(zhì)量?jī)?yōu)化

　　4、 Process Control and Quality Optimization

　　針對(duì)溫度影響的雙重性，實(shí)際工程需采取差異化控制策略：

　　In response to the duality of temperature effects, differentiated control strategies need to be adopted in practical engineering:

　　施工溫度窗口：建議將環(huán)境溫度控制在15-30℃。在高溫地區(qū)，可采用冰水拌合、添加緩凝劑等技術(shù)手段；在低溫環(huán)境，需配備加熱養(yǎng)護(hù)棚，確保漿體溫度不低于10℃。

　　Construction temperature window: It is recommended to control the ambient temperature between 15-30 ℃. In high-temperature areas, techniques such as ice water mixing and adding retarders can be used; In low-temperature environments, a heating and curing shed should be equipped to ensure that the slurry temperature is not lower than 10 ℃.

　　煅燒工藝優(yōu)化：建筑石膏生產(chǎn)中，蒸汽回轉(zhuǎn)窯以140-160℃低溫煅燒，可獲得β-半水石膏為主相的產(chǎn)物，其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)稠度需水量低，硬化體孔隙率低。

　　Optimization of calcination process: In the production of building gypsum, steam rotary kiln calcination at low temperature of 140-160 ℃ can obtain products with β - hemihydrate gypsum as the main phase, with low water requirement for standard consistency and low porosity of hardened body.

　　特殊應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景：醫(yī)療石膏繃帶需控制結(jié)晶度在75%-85%，通過40℃恒溫固化工藝，平衡強(qiáng)度與透氣性；精密鑄造用石膏型需采用梯度升溫排蠟工藝，避免熱應(yīng)力開裂。

　　Special application scenarios: Medical gypsum bandages require a controlled crystallinity of 75% -85%, and are cured at a constant temperature of 40 ℃ to balance strength and breathability; The gypsum mold used for precision casting needs to adopt a gradient heating and wax removal process to avoid thermal stress cracking.

　　溫度對(duì)石膏成型的影響貫穿化學(xué)反應(yīng)、晶體生長(zhǎng)、結(jié)構(gòu)形成全鏈條。通過科學(xué)調(diào)控溫度參數(shù)，可實(shí)現(xiàn)石膏材料性能的定向優(yōu)化。隨著智能溫控技術(shù)與相變材料的應(yīng)用，石膏制品正在向高性能、功能化方向演進(jìn)，這為建筑節(jié)能、文物保護(hù)等領(lǐng)域提供了新的技術(shù)路徑。

　　The influence of temperature on gypsum molding runs through the entire chain of chemical reactions, crystal growth, and structural formation. By scientifically regulating temperature parameters, directional optimization of gypsum material properties can be achieved. With the application of intelligent temperature control technology and phase change materials, gypsum products are evolving towards high performance and functionality, providing new technological paths for areas such as building energy conservation and cultural heritage protection.

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