一、灰鈣在膩子涂料中的應用灰鈣主要成分為氧化鈣化學分子式CaO ，氫氧化鈣化學分子式Ca(OH)2（氧化鈣（石灰），鎂，磷，石膏，明礬。幾千年前古人早以作為無機黏接劑使用。我國的萬里長城，趙州橋所使用的徹筑砂漿（均為石灰粉加入糯米汁作為黏接劑使用）。至今千年不腐。在水中會越來越硬，它具有極強的抗氧化性。灰鈣具有一定的黏接性和強度，屬強堿性。PH值15左右，（不加電解質為16.5左右）原料為高鈣石灰石經900度左右高溫煅燒后的白石灰。（即氧化鈣）燒失后的石灰氧化鈣含量在90%以上。再加入一定量的電解質經改性研磨成300目即為灰鈣。經改性過的灰鈣氫氧化鈣含量增高，PH值降低，吸水量下降，不易增稠開裂，在膩子涂料中十分穩定。因地質結構原因，長江以南以浙江建德、廣西桂林、云南大理、江西新余為代表，灰鈣為最優，它鈣含量高，白度高，吸水量低，黏接強度好，添加量少等優點。長江以北為北方灰鈣，鈣含量普通偏低，體積大，比重輕，吸水量大，黏接性低，強度稍低，用膠量相對要多。涂料、鋼化仿瓷膩子中加入廉價的灰鈣是具有節能減碳、吸收室內二氧化碳、凈化室內空氣功能的環保型涂料。氧化鈣它需要不斷吸收室內空氣中的二氧化碳，而轉化成碳酸鈣，這需要一個漫長的過程，這些功能目前以逐步被人們所認識。

　　1、 The application of gray calcium in putty coatings. The main components of gray calcium are calcium oxide with the chemical formula CaO and calcium hydroxide with the chemical formula Ca (OH) 2 (calcium oxide (lime), magnesium, phosphorus, gypsum, alum). Thousands of years ago, ancient people used it as an inorganic adhesive. The Great Wall of China and the construction mortar used for Zhaozhou Bridge are both made of lime powder mixed with glutinous rice juice as a bonding agent. Until now, it has remained uncorrupted for thousands of years. It will become harder in water and has strong antioxidant properties. Gray calcium has a certain degree of adhesion and strength, and belongs to strong alkalinity. The pH value is around 15, and the raw material is white lime obtained by calcining high calcium limestone at around 900 degrees Celsius (16.5 without electrolyte). The content of calcium oxide in lime after burning is over 90%. Adding a certain amount of electrolyte and modifying it to grind it into 300 mesh is called gray calcium. The content of modified calcium hydroxide increases, the pH value decreases, the water absorption decreases, and it is not easy to thicken or crack. It is very stable in putty coatings. Due to geological structure reasons, south of the Yangtze River, represented by Jiande in Zhejiang, Guilin in Guangxi, Dali in Yunnan, and Xinyu in Jiangxi, gray calcium is the best, with high calcium content, high whiteness, low water absorption, good bonding strength, and low addition amount. North of the Yangtze River is the northern gray calcium, with generally low calcium content, large volume, light specific gravity, high water absorption, low adhesion, slightly lower strength, and relatively more adhesive used. Adding cheap calcium ash to coatings and tempered porcelain putty is an environmentally friendly coating that has energy-saving and carbon reducing functions, absorbs indoor carbon dioxide, and purifies indoor air. Calcium oxide needs to continuously absorb carbon dioxide from indoor air and convert it into calcium carbonate, which requires a long process. These functions are gradually being recognized by people.

　　二、重質碳酸鈣在涂料中的應用重質碳酸鈣簡稱重鈣化學分子式CaCO3、雙飛粉、大白粉、老粉。屬一種天然白色方解石，呈半透明晶體，經研磨成細度325-1250目，（碳酸鈣含量98%以上，屬中性（惰性），PH值7-8，吸水量低，白度高，亮度好，有一定的折射效果。是涂料膩子中必不可缺的優質填充料。一般膩子用325-400目，乳膠漆用800-1250目。另一種又名大白粉，原料為大白石（大理巖），碳酸鈣含量較低，95%以下無結晶體，亮度白度較低，吸水量較方解石大，無折射率。但價格較低，是生產膩子的通用填充料。

　　2、 The application of heavy calcium carbonate in coatings. Heavy calcium carbonate, abbreviated as CaCO3, has the chemical formula CaCO3, double fly powder, white powder, and old powder. It belongs to a natural white calcite, which is a semi transparent crystal. It has been ground to a fineness of 325-1250 mesh, with a calcium carbonate content of over 98%. It is neutral (inert), has a pH value of 7-8, low water absorption, high whiteness, good brightness, and has a certain refractive effect. It is an essential high-quality filling material in paint putty. Generally, 325-400 mesh is used for putty, and 800-1250 mesh is used for latex paint. Another type, also known as Big White Powder, is made from Big White Stone (marble) with low calcium carbonate content, less than 95% amorphous, low brightness and whiteness, higher water absorption than calcite, and no refractive index. But with a lower price, it is a universal filling material for producing putty.

　　三、滑石粉在涂料中的性質與應用滑石粉屬鋁黏土類，質地較軟，主要成分為碳酸鈣化學分子式CaCO3、氧化二硅分子式Si2O3、三氧化二鋁分子式Al2O3、鎂、鉀、鈉等多種微量元素，無結晶體，無折射率，呈白色，優質滑石粉白度在92以上，PH值7-8，屬惰性，耐酸堿，吸水量較大，手感光滑度極佳。作為填充料，一般乳膠漆用白度92以上，細度800-1250目。用于內外墻膩子，性能比重鈣要好，一般用細度325-400目白度80以上。但在膏狀鋼化仿瓷涂料中不宜使用。因它比重鈣增硬要快。優質滑石粉還可在醫藥中大量使用。

　　3、 The properties and applications of talcum powder in coatings. Talcum powder belongs to the aluminum clay class, with a soft texture and mainly composed of various trace elements such as calcium carbonate chemical formula CaCO3, silicon dioxide molecular formula Si2O3, aluminum oxide molecular formula Al2O3, magnesium, potassium, sodium, etc. It has no crystal structure, no refractive index, and is white in color. The whiteness of high-quality talcum powder is above 92, with a pH value of 7-8. It is inert, acid and alkali resistant, has a large water absorption capacity, and excellent hand sensitivity and smoothness. As a filler, latex paint generally has a whiteness of 92 or above and a fineness of 800-1250 mesh. Used for interior and exterior wall putty, with better performance than calcium, generally used with a fineness of 325-400 mesh and a whiteness of 80 or above. But it is not suitable for use in paste like tempered porcelain like coatings. Because it increases faster than calcium. High quality talcum powder can also be widely used in medicine.

　　四、高嶺土在涂料及橡膠塑料中的用途高嶺土屬鋁黏土類，主要原料為煤層中的伴生物，又名焦寶石。主要成分為三氧化二鋁化學分子式AL2O3、氧化硅、鈣、鉀、鈉、鎂等多種微量元素，原礦呈灰褐色、淺白色。經過850度左右高溫煅燒后研磨成不同細度，優質高嶺土，三氧化二鋁含量高，白度較高，一般白度92-96為優級，高嶺土分煅燒高嶺土，經表面處理后稱鈉基活性高嶺土。優級活性高嶺土用在涂料，內外墻乳膠漆中，細度需800-1250目，它在涂料中起到后期增稠。它所含的三氧化二鋁會遷移至涂料層表面，產生一定硬度及質感。作為橡膠、輪胎、塑料、電線電纜中可用325-600目，比使用輕鈣、重鈣抗拉伸強度要高得多。

　　4、 The use of kaolin in coatings and rubber plastics. Kaolin belongs to the aluminum clay class, and its main raw material is companion organisms in coal seams, also known as pyroxene. The main components are various trace elements such as Al2O3, silicon oxide, calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, etc. The original ore is gray brown and light white in color. After high-temperature calcination at around 850 degrees Celsius, it is ground into high-quality kaolin with different fineness, high alumina content, and high whiteness. Generally, a whiteness of 92-96 is considered excellent. Kaolin is classified as calcined kaolin, and after surface treatment, it is called sodium based active kaolin. High grade active kaolin is used in coatings, interior and exterior latex paints, with a fineness of 800-1250 mesh. It plays a role in later thickening in coatings. The aluminum oxide it contains will migrate to the surface of the coating layer, producing a certain hardness and texture. As a rubber, tire, plastic, wire and cable material, 325-600 mesh can be used, which has much higher tensile strength than using light calcium or heavy calcium.

　　五、膨潤土在涂料中的應用膨潤土屬黏土類，分鈣基與鈉基。經表面處理，活化后即為鈉基，也是涂料膩子中最為常用的一種添加劑。化學分子式：Al2O3·4SiO2·H2O。及氧化硅、鈣鋁、鎂、鉀、鈉等多種微量元素，黏性非常強，主要用于乳膠漆、涂料、內外墻膩子。主要性能：增黏、增稠、保水、抗沉淀、抗流掛，提供涂料假塑性。因黏性大，不可直接加入水中攪拌，以免結團，可預先用水泡成稠膏（加水后不要攪動）狀添加，或摻入干粉填料中添加。因它白度較低，后期容易增稠，增硬，膏狀仿瓷、鋼化乳膠漆添加不得超過2%（干粉涂料除外），否則膏狀存放期短，易增稠變硬。

　　5、 The application of bentonite in coatings. Bentonite belongs to the clay class and is divided into calcium based and sodium based. After surface treatment and activation, it becomes sodium based and is also the most commonly used additive in paint putty. Chemical formula: Al2O3 · 4SiO2 · H2O. And various trace elements such as silicon oxide, calcium aluminum, magnesium, potassium, sodium, etc. have strong viscosity and are mainly used in latex paint, coatings, and interior and exterior wall putty. Main performance: thickening, thickening, water retention, anti settling, anti sagging, providing false plasticity of coatings. Due to its high viscosity, it should not be directly added to water and stirred to avoid clumping. It can be added in the form of a thick paste by soaking it in water beforehand (do not stir after adding water), or mixed with dry powder filler. Due to its low whiteness, it is prone to thickening and hardening in the later stage. The addition of paste like porcelain and tempered latex paint should not exceed 2% (except for dry powder coatings), otherwise the storage period of paste like paint is short and it is prone to thickening and hardening.

　　六、熟石膏粉在建材中的主要用途與性能熟石膏粉，又稱半水石膏，化學分子式：2CaSO4·H2O，屬酸性，PH值5-6.5，溶于水，（生石膏不溶于水）主要原料為天然石膏半透明結晶體，經850度高溫煅燒后研磨成300目粉狀，優級白度80-88.

　　6、 The main uses and properties of gypsum powder in building materials. Gypsum powder, also known as semi hydrated gypsum, has a chemical molecular formula of 2CaSO4 · H2O, is acidic, with a pH value of 5-6.5, soluble in water. (Raw gypsum is insoluble in water) The main raw material is natural gypsum semi transparent crystals, which are calcined at 850 degrees Celsius and ground into a 300 mesh powder with a superior whiteness of 80-88

　　脫硫石膏，磷酸石膏粉均為再生石膏，白度較低，半水石膏主要用于建筑找平砂漿(填坑好），找平膩子，粉刷石膏，石膏粘粉（快干粉）裝飾用石膏板、石膏線。硅酸鹽水泥,混凝土,汽塊磚添加劑，凝固快可塑性強。（凝固時間5-10分鐘），如遇墻面不平整，摻入部分半水石膏及石膏緩凝劑，做找平膩子，會收到極好的效果。

　　Desulfurized gypsum and phosphogypsum powder are both regenerated gypsum with low whiteness. Semi hydrated gypsum is mainly used for building leveling mortar (well filled), leveling putty, plastering gypsum, gypsum adhesive powder (fast dry powder), decorative gypsum board, and gypsum line. Portland cement, concrete, and steam brick additives have fast solidification and strong plasticity. (Solidification time 5-10 minutes). If the wall surface is uneven, adding some semi hydrated gypsum and gypsum retarder to make leveling putty will achieve excellent results.

　　七、輕質碳酸鈣在涂料塑料橡膠中的應用范圍輕質碳酸鈣簡稱輕鈣化學分子式CaCO3，經表面處理后稱活性鈣，一般碳酸鈣含量≥98%，屬中性，PH值7-10，白度高，92以上為優級，它比重輕，吸水量極大，是灰的近一倍，重鈣的2倍。懸浮性極好，在涂料中用膠量較大， 可施工性手感較好，一般冷溶型膠及纖維素不宜使用（用于乳液、聚乙烯醇膠）。但它硬度差，不耐水，因懸浮性好適于用聚乙烯醇熱膠做仿瓷使用，它一般應用在乳膠漆、橡膠、輪胎塑料、電線電纜中的填充料使用。

　　7、 The application range of light calcium carbonate in coatings, plastics, and rubber. Light calcium carbonate, also known as light calcium carbonate, has a chemical molecular formula of CaCO3 and is called active calcium after surface treatment. Generally, the calcium carbonate content is ≥ 98%, which is neutral, with a pH value of 7-10, high whiteness, and an excellent grade above 92. It has a light specific gravity and a great water absorption capacity, nearly twice that of ash and twice that of heavy calcium. The suspension property is excellent, the amount of glue used in the coating is large, and the workability and hand feel are good. Generally, cold soluble glue and cellulose are not suitable for use (for lotion and polyvinyl alcohol glue). But it has poor hardness and is not water-resistant. Due to its good suspension, it is suitable for use as a porcelain like material with polyvinyl alcohol hot glue. It is generally used as a filler in latex paint, rubber, tire plastics, and wires and cables.

　　八、輕質碳酸鈣生產工藝流程原料、高鈣石灰石（青灰石）化學分子式：CaCO3。鈣含量52-55，塊狀（4-10公分）經煅燒成灰塊（燒失后的灰塊氧化鈣含量90-96），再經篩選后進入化漿機，除去未燒透的內核，經粗漿池沉淀后再進入中漿池沉淀，泵入除渣機進行除渣，除渣后的漿液流入精漿池再由精漿池泵入碳化塔，進行碳化，（碳化時用壓縮機將爐中產生的二氧化碳由壓縮機壓入碳化塔內直到將灰漿碳化到PH值達到9-9.5即可出漿），將碳化好的漿液放入配漿池，配好的漿再流入儲漿池將漿液泵入高位塔，由高位塔利用壓差輸送至離心機，進行甩干。甩干后的物料送進烘干機進行烘干，烘干后的輕鈣經打散機打散后再進入振動篩（篩網細度為120目），過篩后的輕鈣就可裝袋即成品。成品細度達到D97。（即用325目篩通過率達97%）成品PH值7-9為最佳。年產30000噸，設備投資需500萬元，每噸利潤70-80元。上料煅燒段 3人送灰化漿 2人沉淀除渣 1人碳化化驗 3人配漿 1人離心機 1人（2臺自動離心機）送料烘干 2人成品段 3-4人每班生產人員17-18人，全長三八制班需60人，包括管理人員。每班生產量50-60噸，年產量4.5-5萬噸，每噸純利潤60-80元。

　　8、 The raw materials for the production process of light calcium carbonate and high calcium limestone (green limestone) have a chemical molecular formula of CaCO3. The calcium content is 52-55, and the block shaped (4-10 cm) is calcined into ash blocks (with a calcium oxide content of 90-96 after burning). After screening, it enters the slurry machine to remove the unburned core. After settling in the coarse slurry pool, it enters the middle slurry pool for sedimentation and is pumped into the slag removal machine for slag removal. The slurry after slag removal flows into the fine slurry pool and is then pumped into the carbonization tower by the fine slurry pool for carbonization. (During carbonization, the carbon dioxide generated in the furnace is compressed into the carbonization tower by the compressor until the slurry is carbonized to a pH value of 9-9.5, and the slurry is discharged.) The carbonized slurry is then placed in the slurry mixing tank, and the prepared slurry flows into the slurry storage tank. The slurry is pumped into the slurry storage tank. The high-level tower utilizes pressure difference to transport the material to the centrifuge for spin drying. After being shaken dry, the material is sent to the dryer for drying. The dried light calcium is then dispersed by the disperser and enters the vibrating screen (with a mesh size of 120 mesh). The sieved light calcium can be packaged into bags and finished products. The fineness of the finished product reaches D97. The optimal pH value for the finished product is 7-9, with a pass rate of 97% using a 325 mesh sieve. Annual production of 30000 tons requires equipment investment of 5 million yuan, with a profit of 70-80 yuan per ton. There are 3 people in the feeding and calcination section to deliver ashing slurry, 2 people to precipitate and remove slag, 1 person to conduct carbonization analysis, 3 people to prepare slurry, 1 person to centrifuge, and 1 person (2 automatic centrifuges) to deliver material and dry. There are 3-4 people in the finished product section, and each shift has 17-18 production personnel. The total length of the 3-8 shift system requires 60 people, including management personnel. The production capacity per shift is 50-60 tons, with an annual output of 45000 to 50000 tons and a net profit of 60-80 yuan per ton.

　　九、硅藻泥在新型環保涂料膩子中的應用硅藻泥是一種生活在海洋中的藻類。經過幾十萬年甚至是上百萬年的沉淀石化再經過地殼變動擠壓便形成了硅酸鹽為主要成分的一種硅質生物沉積巖——硅藻礦物質這些海藻泥對皮膚病包括牛皮癬這樣的疑難病癥具有很好的療效。科學家研究發現，這種硅藻泥的主要成分為蛋白質，質地輕軟、多孔。電子顯微鏡顯示，其粒子表面具有無數微小的孔穴，孔隙率90%以上，比表面積高達65㎡/ｇ。正是這種突出的分子晶格結構特征，決定了其獨特的功能：具有極強的物理吸附性能和離子交換性能。硅藻泥涂料是以硅藻礦物質為主要原材料研發而成的新型室內環保材料。它的主要成分為蛋白石，質地輕軟、多孔，孔隙率達90％左右，具有優異的斷熱、調濕和吸附性能。這種突出的分子晶格結構特征，決定了其獨特的功能：具有極強的物理吸附性能和離子交換性能。現代工業中硅藻泥裝飾涂料正是以硅藻礦物質為主要原材料研發而成的新型室內環保材料。裝飾到墻上，能讓墻壁“呼吸”，能吸附住室內空氣中流離的甲醛苯氨醇等有害化學物質，并將之分解成水和二氧化碳。硅藻泥壁材是一種新型功能性健康型墻面材料，21世紀初開始在歐美流行。硅藻泥壁材是由生活在數百萬年前的水生浮游類生物硅藻的沉積物制作而成，其具有特殊的晶格結構，超微細孔比木炭還要多出5000到6000倍，吸附能力特別強。硅藻泥壁材正是從硅藻強吸附的特性出發研制而成的新型室內墻壁材料，其具有許多獨特的優異功能，是傳統墻材—墻紙、乳膠漆等無法比擬的。。當硅藻泥較大面積地使用于室內墻面時，它就能吸附空氣中的甲醛、苯等有害物質及寵物體臭、煙味等異味，起到凈化空氣的作用。

　　9、 Application of Diatom Mud in New Environmental Protection Coating Putty Diatom mud is a type of algae that lives in the ocean. After hundreds of thousands or even millions of years of sedimentation and compression, a type of siliceous biogenic sedimentary rock mainly composed of silicates - diatom minerals - has been formed through crustal changes and compression. These seaweed mud have good therapeutic effects on difficult skin diseases, including psoriasis. Scientists have found that the main component of this diatomaceous earth is protein, with a light, soft, and porous texture. Electron microscopy shows numerous tiny pores on the surface of its particles, with a porosity of over 90% and a specific surface area of up to 65 ㎡/g. It is precisely this outstanding molecular lattice structure characteristic that determines its unique function: it has extremely strong physical adsorption and ion exchange properties. Diatom mud coating is a new type of indoor environmentally friendly material developed using diatom minerals as the main raw material. Its main component is opal, which is light and soft in texture, porous with a porosity of about 90%, and has excellent thermal insulation, moisture regulation, and adsorption properties. This prominent molecular lattice structure determines its unique function: it has extremely strong physical adsorption and ion exchange properties. Diatom mud decorative coatings in modern industry are a new type of indoor environmentally friendly material developed mainly from diatomaceous minerals. Decorating on the wall can allow the wall to "breathe", absorb harmful chemicals such as formaldehyde and benzyl alcohol that flow in the indoor air, and decompose them into water and carbon dioxide. Diatom mud wall material is a new type of functional and healthy wall material that has been popular in Europe and America since the beginning of the 21st century. Diatom mud wall material is made from sediment of aquatic planktonic organisms diatoms that lived millions of years ago. It has a special lattice structure, with ultrafine pores 5000 to 6000 times more than charcoal, and a particularly strong adsorption capacity. Diatom mud wall material is a new type of indoor wall material developed based on the strong adsorption characteristics of diatoms. It has many unique and excellent functions that cannot be compared to traditional wall materials such as wallpaper and latex paint.. When diatomaceous earth is widely used on indoor walls, it can adsorb harmful substances such as formaldehyde and benzene in the air, as well as odors such as pet body odor and smoke, and purify the air.

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